Cervical Cancer

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that arises from the abnormal proliferation and uncontrolled growth of cells in the cervix.

Also known as cervical or uterine cervix cancer, it is diagnosed in approximately 3,000 women in Turkey each year, indicating that 10 out of every 100,000 women may develop this disease. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women in Turkey. It is essential to remember that with early diagnosis and treatment, cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable disease.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 570,000 women worldwide are diagnosed with cervical cancer annually. This means that every two minutes, a woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer globally. It ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing countries, leading to more cases and deaths.

Types of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that results from the abnormal growth and division of cells in the cervix. Different types of cervical cancer are classified mainly based on the structural features and spreading patterns of the cells.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type of cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, usually originates from the flat cells on the surface of the cervix. It is often associated with an infection of the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that originates from gland cells in the cervix. It differs from squamous cell carcinoma by developing from a different cell type, usually in the area called the endocervical canal.

Mixed Type Cancer: Mixed-type cancer refers to situations where both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are present together. Cervical cancer can sometimes occur as a combination of these two types.

Cervical cancer is mostly associated with HPV infection, especially linked to high-risk HPV types. This virus can cause abnormal cell growth, eventually leading to cancer. Regular gynecological examinations and Pap smear tests can help detect cervical cancer in its early stages.

Each type of cervical cancer may require different treatment approaches. Treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. The treatment plan is usually determined based on factors such as the patient's overall health, the stage, and the type of cancer.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer symptoms often manifest in advanced stages, underscoring the importance of regular health check-ups and gynecological examinations. Key symptoms of cervical cancer include:

  • Vaginal bleeding (abnormal bleeding, post-coital bleeding)
  • Changes in vaginal discharge (bloody or foul-smelling discharge)
  • Pelvic pain
  • Pain during sexual intercourse
  • Pelvic pain
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss

Early diagnosis through regular gynecological exams and Pap smear tests is crucial, and the HPV vaccine can also reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Seeking medical attention and undergoing necessary tests are important when symptoms are noticed or risk factors are present.

Causes of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer generally results from a combination of various factors. The primary factors contributing to cervical cancer include:

  • HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Infection: HPV is the most common cause of cervical cancer. High-risk HPV types, often associated with multiple sexual partners, can lead to abnormal cell growth and cancer development.
  • Smoking: Smoking and tobacco use can increase the risk of cervical cancer. Chemicals in cigarette smoke can induce genetic changes in cervical cells, promoting cancer development.
  • Weak Immune System: Individuals with a weakened immune system may struggle to combat viruses like HPV, increasing the risk of cervical cancer. Immune suppression can occur due to HIV infection, immunosuppressive drugs, or other reasons.
  • Birth Control Pills: Prolonged use of birth control pills may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer. However, this risk typically diminishes over time after discontinuing contraceptive use.
  • Early Onset of Sexual Activity: Initiating sexual activity at an early age may elevate the risk of cervical cancer, potentially increasing the likelihood of HPV infection.
  • Family History: A family history of cervical cancer can increase the risk due to genetic factors. Family history can indicate a genetic predisposition.

Cervical cancer usually arises from the combination of these factors. HPV vaccines, regular gynecological examinations, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can play a significant role in reducing the risk of cervical cancer. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for any concerns and undergo regular check-ups.

Treatment of Cervical Cancer

The treatment of cervical cancer is determined based on various factors such as the patient's overall health, the stage, and type of cancer. General information about cervical cancer treatment methods includes:

  • Surgical Intervention: One commonly used method in treating cervical cancer is surgical intervention. The procedure, known as radical hysterectomy, involves removing the uterus and surrounding tissues. Lymph nodes are also examined and may be removed if necessary.
  • Radiotherapy: Another frequently used method in cervical cancer treatment is radiotherapy. High-energy rays target and attempt to destroy cancer cells. Radiotherapy can be used before or after surgery or in conjunction with chemotherapy.
  • Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill or control the growth of cancer cells. It is often applied in combination with surgery or radiotherapy in cervical cancer treatment.
  • Targeted Therapies: In some cases, targeted therapies focusing on specific characteristics of cervical cancer cells may be employed. These treatments aim to more precisely target cancer cells.
  • Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a treatment option that aims to boost the body's immune system. By enhancing the immune system's response to cancer cells, it supports the body's fight against cancer.

Cervical cancer treatment often involves a combination of these methods. The treatment plan is tailored based on factors such as the patient's overall health, the stage, and type of cancer. Early-stage cervical cancer, when detected, can often be successfully treated, but treatment can be more challenging in advanced stages. Throughout the treatment process, close communication with healthcare professionals and obtaining detailed information about treatment options is essential. For detailed information, you can contact Medwide.

Cervical Cancer
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Frequently Asked Questions

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HPV, or Human Papilloma Virus, is a sexually transmitted virus. It is primarily spread through sexual contact, especially contact with the genital area. HPV has many different types; some are low-risk and often lead to warts, while others are high-risk and can cause cancers such as cervical cancer. While condom use can reduce the risk of HPV transmission, it does not provide complete protection.

 

Yes, a smear test (Pap smear or Papanicolaou test) is an effective method for detecting cervical cancer in its early stages. The smear test helps identify changes in cervical cells, aiding in the detection of precancerous conditions and early-stage cervical cancer. When performed regularly, a smear test can increase the chances of intervention in the early stages of cervical cancer.

 

Cervical cancer usually cannot be felt by hand. In the early stages, it is usually asymptomatic and therefore regular gynaecological examinations, smear tests and other imaging tests can detect the cancer at an early stage. Symptoms of cervical cancer usually appear in advanced stages, so regular health checks are important. If symptoms are felt or risk factors are present, it is important to talk to a health professional.

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